# Citation chaining procedure

## Definition

In citation chaining, one journal article <mark style="color:red;">links you to another</mark>, which <mark style="color:red;">links you to another</mark>, and so on to create a chain of relevant literature.

This is a useful research tactic when we are working on a literature review since it helps us follow chains of related sources.

For example, let's say we've found a relevant  annual review article on our topic. We can make a chain of citations leading from that one article both forwards and backwards from the year of publication.

## Procedure

1. Let’s say we’re reading Miles Hewstone’s annual review article, [Intergroup Bias](https://drive.google.com/open?id=1jGMCJI9NAs82EjxY-Z9xKV8VGvNh6umx\&usp=drive_fs).&#x20;

On page **585**, we read the following:

<figure><img src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXcqNaiDYk-BOTlNBwl_-bTIQIzAVqY7DIGPeGuUSmZHaGQcwo4V140RBop-Mxhk-nLV8KcdXbhBMcxGjM21CZQ1Kg5a7A1MSjZkaadg5jH35Lzz33X8UMOxJ7A0E27HlisUPuXi1kKCmrpDFD9Q0bU?key=vRZgQ_2KxJIVKIPKReuFqA" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

2. This argument is related to our first independent variable.
3. Now, we’re interested in this argument/evidence which is made by four different authors. We want to read only one or all of them too.&#x20;
4. For this guideline, we will choose the highlighted one. We go to the references (literature cited or bibliography) section (at the very end of the article) and find the title of this study.&#x20;
5. We need to make sure it’s a peer-reviewed journal article:
   1. [\[How to determine peer-reviewed journal articles?\]](https://ttezcan.gitbook.io/lect/all-lectures-and-labs/guidelines-and-rubrics/how-to-determine-peer-reviewed-journal-articles)

<figure><img src="https://1373704161-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FFj6bxTviGJMBga1Kc5Yc%2Fuploads%2FRS5q08RVYaCFYgEnFIDe%2Fimage.png?alt=media&#x26;token=4d4033df-17c3-4e3e-a071-8b4fb3ab4622" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

5. Before we find Duckitt’s article, we continue reading the annual review article by Hewstone to find more relevant arguments.

On page **586**, we read the following:

<figure><img src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXdOMzFujzXmg0qjC-yhnxv_8L0nFSeT2iTbhhNAAv29guvjlV9StYB9TQEXbFY91bpbavy79EKdbe1uq7fM8L8KyedpWdhsghMZfFgtDsjU2TZVyxMFEWkhMc4rgTVUGQRA-g5qXwutJyAJoA0y4J4?key=vRZgQ_2KxJIVKIPKReuFqA" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

6. We can benefit from this argument for our second independent variable.&#x20;
7. That argument belongs to three authors and is relevant to our study too, that’s why we go to the references and find the title as well. We’ll go with Quillian.

<figure><img src="https://1373704161-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FFj6bxTviGJMBga1Kc5Yc%2Fuploads%2FIZifVh2tSZAQtJW7KbGE%2Fimage.png?alt=media&#x26;token=6860f150-0164-449e-b7a6-c445d126e0b2" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

8. Before we find Quillian’s article, we continue reading the annual review article by Hewstone to find one more relevant argument.&#x20;

On page **593**, we read the following:

<figure><img src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXeXah2DINQBGvegCX4KLVTucAmbRpynMVms_4asFO7lTy4rBk9WFr6oab9X1L1_LBwZJYJhtchN70VOMDeuKfVa7hp1c_ei6VBHHsYepWrX7BhlBlDvSIjLqhmUjSu1TKvir6jFRGDcqYYcAraVKEM?key=vRZgQ_2KxJIVKIPKReuFqA" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

9. Thanks to this argument, we have decided to change our third independent variable.&#x20;
10. This argument belongs to two authors. We go to the references and find it as well. We’ll go with Ensari & Miller, because the other one is a book chapter. We should only look for peer-reviewed journal articles.&#x20;
    1. [**\[How to determine peer-reviewed journal articles?\]**](https://ttezcan.gitbook.io/lectures/all-lectures-and-labs/guidelines-and-rubrics/how-to-determine-peer-reviewed-journal-articles)

<figure><img src="https://1373704161-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FFj6bxTviGJMBga1Kc5Yc%2Fuploads%2FYEYGZ47XxEdmLf73u9dz%2Fimage.png?alt=media&#x26;token=66a973fc-aab7-4905-939e-dd7b510323e1" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

## Citation chain figure

Our current citation chain looks like this:

<figure><img src="https://1373704161-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FFj6bxTviGJMBga1Kc5Yc%2Fuploads%2FmwxOMjhVUVEmojUP0dKk%2Fimage.png?alt=media&#x26;token=b1b29db2-bc74-448e-8f30-aeb1580694aa" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

If we like, we can continue the citation chaining by reading Hewstone, Duckitt, Quillian, and Ensari & Miller, and add more chains.

## How to find articles

1. We will find the full PDF versions of these three articles.&#x20;
2. We will paste the DOI (the most preferred way) or title of the articles into [scholar.google.com](http://scholar.google.com).&#x20;
   1. [\[How to find DOI?\]](https://ttezcan.gitbook.io/lectures/all-lectures-and-labs/guidelines-and-rubrics/citation-chaining-procedure#how-to-find-doi)
3. If we see <mark style="color:red;">\[PDF] on the right side</mark>, we have access. We click on \[PDF], **not** the title.

<mark style="color:orange;">**We have found the PDF!**</mark>

<figure><img src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXdazI7ZllBdPb0IlOxOewrBgTTu53N4ku48IxVR7Pc-gCKaxa8dNJtaqe0rjzN1P08NzqJQgNX0I-Q-ktTJfHrXs6xagXShSbr7-ubP_i0LQqQ3JzeE0KHPBg_2tvwsMgwl-LjU5h9-oh0IVgmm_A?key=vRZgQ_2KxJIVKIPKReuFqA" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXcLk5-MopcBM7ZpFTPshFFAsTu1xyz66H6zEv2eQwz8H5JwyYb35BkG11KXgdN4GU4N5yWM3dR5vCzMXQFmx5_Ubbs2dK-NHEOTHuXmx-n66Bibwiq1Jgkbv8jNkWMi9CfXu3qCw8Nr7GNPAuQSiIU?key=vRZgQ_2KxJIVKIPKReuFqA" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

<mark style="color:orange;">**We have found the PDF!**</mark>

<figure><img src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXeeURfOWQgb-O37pMhUuFWaVC-gQVZThVFl042CguxzBVdAimQGiDjsKdHruCzAiuZFX3u_htE8isxzfk9gFTfYrF_lz4Sbbzvka3Ri7Ztrh8ouGGrBgvtUsVmhW2LIhS6IDJDnARizOoEmPMnCQME?key=vRZgQ_2KxJIVKIPKReuFqA" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

<mark style="color:red;">**NO PDF!**</mark>

<figure><img src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXfmlJ09EXJSfAGnPbKp0H7gIZm9lApSNhoU1zCKyGnS51k4MTzotEm0ZNUN3rD5MLWfO0QBhD_Ofv5pRH7VasX4reztqA7ZTn4Zlhmm_-eXFu_n8F-Q7rsbqYsA0LBLvnv4L7A-YR8zfG9uB5mw_ug?key=vRZgQ_2KxJIVKIPKReuFqA" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

## What if you do not have access to the articles

1. If you do not have access to the articles…&#x20;
2. Email me (<mark style="color:blue;">ttezcan@csumb.edu</mark>) with the title and the link of the articles.

<figure><img src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXc8W4uYtMBQd7efekpkRrE9F4oNx-lONvkAv7Pnhp9rX_7WdxTR3NVpMW7fcgFRsToGL7pvw22gbUyzPiN7WCsWOHMAY0-m0nA5O5MNA5ROZ_ELJAfzXy-6iC8zDODVSUoHtsRNIbhPfOM4IzJSFu8?key=vRZgQ_2KxJIVKIPKReuFqA" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

## How to find DOI?

It's always better to search DOI instead of title of the articles.

1. This is how we can find DOI:

<figure><img src="https://1373704161-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FFj6bxTviGJMBga1Kc5Yc%2Fuploads%2Fg6LZg5aaxXssr1mpVMpx%2Fimage.png?alt=media&#x26;token=5e62a7b5-ba94-4843-8602-773440d6ee4e" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

2. We can also use [crossref.org/guestquery](https://www.crossref.org/guestquery/)
   1. Paste the "First Author" name and the "Article Title"
   2. Click Search
   3. The DOI appears at the bottom

<figure><img src="https://1373704161-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FFj6bxTviGJMBga1Kc5Yc%2Fuploads%2FyPoEfSfXrcabfxrJB7nQ%2Fimage.png?alt=media&#x26;token=3a51e983-6bd4-4760-a49e-83a996bc3a44" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

